Advantages of Gibraltar as a Finance Centre
It has been a British dependency since 1704, and was ceded by the Kingdom of Spain “in perpetuity” to the British Crown under the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713. In 1967, and prior to establishing a new Constitution, the people of Gibraltar held a Referendum to determine whether they wished to remain British or come under Spanish sovereignty. The result of the Referendum which was overwhelmingly in favour of remaining British, and the new Constitution of 1969, so incensed the dictatorship of General Franco that the Spanish border with Gibraltar was closed in 1969, and not fully re-opened until February 1985 (as a precursor to Spain joining the European Union in 1986).
Gibraltar joined the European Union in 1973 by virtue of the UK’s accession to the Union under the provisions of Article 227(4) of the Treaty of Rome, which extends the provisions of the Treaty to those “European territories for whose external relations a Member State is responsible.”
At the time of Gibraltar’s accession to the Union, the Government of Gibraltar negotiated exemptions from the common external tariff (Customs Union), the common agricultural policy and value added tax (VAT) under Article 28 of the UK’s Act of Accession. Confirmation of Gibraltar’s exclusion from the Customs Union is carried under Article 3 (1) of the Customs Code (as amended).
On the 23rd June 2016, the British people of Gibraltar voted in the United Kingdom’s Brexit Referendum, and the local votes resulted in a 96% majority voting in favour of retaining membership of the European Union. The Gibraltar vote, however, was simply pooled into the larger UK vote which resulted in a marginal vote in favour of leaving the European Union. On the 31st January 2020, Gibraltar left the European Union alongside the United Kingdom. Much of Gibraltar’s legislation is already well aligned with that of the EU, and the only anticipated divergence will be in respect of UK/Gibraltar protocols from a Brexit perspective.
The 1969 Gibraltar Constitution gives legislative powers to the Governor, who is the Queen’s representative, and the Gibraltar Parliament. In the preamble to the Constitution, the British Government gives an assurance to the people of Gibraltar that the territory will remain part of Her Majesty’s dominions unless or until an Act of Parliament otherwise provides, and that “Her Majesty’s Government will never enter into arrangements under which the people of Gibraltar would pass under the sovereignty of another state against their freely and democratically expressed wishes”.
Although it is, by definition, a dependant territory, Gibraltar enjoys considerable self-government. The British Foreign Office is directly responsible for Gibraltar’s foreign affairs, defence and security matters, whilst the Government of Gibraltar and Gibraltar’s Members of Parliament, who are answerable to the Gibraltar Parliament, deal with domestic matters. Gibraltar has its own legal system, similar to that of the United Kingdom and based on English Common Law but with its own statutes, termed Ordinances, which are passed by the Gibraltar Parliament.
Gibraltar Company Law is derived from the English Companies Act of 1929 and has evolved independently since that date. The latest consolidated version of the Gibraltar Companies Act 2004 has just been published, and still bears the hallmark of English Company Law.